“电磁阀是一种机电驱动阀，用于控制液体和气体的流动。”
电磁阀是气体和液体回路中最常用的部件之一，应用无处不在。 使用电磁阀的一些例子包括加热系统，压缩空气技术，工业自动化，游泳池，喷水灭火系统，洗衣机，牙科设备，洗车系统和灌溉系统。
"A solenoid valve is an electromechanical actuated valve to control the flow of liquids and gases."
Solenoid valves are amongst the most used components in gas and liquid circuits. The number of applications is almost endless. Some examples of the use of solenoid valves include heating systems, compressed air technology, industrial automation, swimming pools, sprinkler systems, washing machines, dental equipment, car wash systems and irrigation systems.
电磁阀的电路功能Circuit functions of solenoid valves
电磁阀用于关闭，配制，分配或混合管道中的气体或液体流。电磁阀的特定用途由其电路功能表示。2/2通阀有两个端口（入口和出口）和两个位置（打开或关闭）。2/2通阀可以是“常闭”（在断电状态下关闭）或“常开”（在断电状态下打开）。3/2通阀有三个端口和两个位置，因此可以在两个电路之间切换。3/2通阀可以具有不同的功能，例如常闭，常开，转向或通用。在单个结构中可以有更多端口或阀门组合。电路功能可以用符号表示。以下是最常见的电路功能的一些示例。阀门的电路功能在两个矩形框中表示，用于断电状态（右侧，可视化）和通电状态（左侧）。方框中的箭头表示阀口之间的流向。这些例子显示了一个2/2路常开（NO）阀，一个2/2路常闭（NC）阀和一个3/2路常闭阀。
Solenoid valves are used to close, dose, distribute or mix the flow of gas or liquid in a pipe. The specific purpose of a solenoid valve is expressed by its circuit function. A 2/2 way valve has two ports (inlet and outlet) and two positions (open or closed). A 2/2 way valve can be normally closed (closed in de-energized state) or normally open (open in de-energized state). A 3/2 way valve has three ports and two positions and can therefore switch between two circuits. 3/2 way valves can have different functions such as normally closed, normally open, diverting or universal. More ports or combinations of valves in a single construction are possible. The circuit function can be expressed in a symbol. Below are some examples of the most common circuit functions. The circuit function of a valve is symbolized in two rectangular boxes for the de-energized state (right side, visualized by ) and energized state (left). The arrows in the box show the flow direction between the valve ports. The examples show a 2/2-way Normally Open (NO) valve, a 2/2-way Normally Closed (NC) valve and a 3/2-way Normally Closed valve. For more information about valve symbols and circuit functions, please visit the page about valve symbols.
操作类型Type of operation
电磁阀可分为不同的操作类型。
Solenoid valves can be categorized into different groups of operation.
• 直接操作Direct operated
直接操作（直动式）电磁阀具有最简单的工作原理。介质流过一个小孔，可通过柱塞封闭，底部有橡胶垫圈。一个小弹簧将柱塞向下固定以关闭阀门。柱塞由铁磁材料制成。电线圈围绕柱塞定位。一旦线圈通电，就会产生磁场，将柱塞向上拉向线圈的中心。打开了孔，使介质可以流过。这称为常闭（NC）阀。常开（NO）阀的工作方式相反：它具有不同的结构，以便在电磁阀未通电时孔口打开。当电磁阀启动时，孔口将关闭。最大工作压力和流速与孔径和电磁阀的磁力直接相关。因此该原理用于相对小的流速。直接操作电磁阀不需要最小工作压力或压力差，因此可以在0 bar到最大允许压力下使用。显示的电磁阀是直接操作的常闭2/2通阀。
Direct operated (direct acting) solenoid valves have the most simple working principle. The medium flows through a small orifice which can be closed off by a plunger with a rubber gasket on the bottom. A small spring holds the plunger down to close the valve. The plunger is made of a ferromagnetic material. An electric coil is positioned around the plunger. As soon as the coil is electrical energized, a magnetic field is created which pulls the plunger up towards the centre of the coil. This opens the orifice so that the medium can flow through. This is called a Normally Closed (NC) valve. A Normally Open (NO) valve works the opposite way: it has a different construction so that the orifice is open when the solenoid is not powered. When the solenoid is actuated, the orifice will be closed. The maximum operating pressure and the flow rate are directly related to the orifice diameter and the magnetic force of the solenoid valve. This principle is therefore used for relatively small flow rates. Direct operated solenoid valves require no minimum operating pressure or pressure difference, so they can be used from 0 bar up to the maximum allowable pressure. The displayed solenoid valve is a direct operated, normally closed 2/2 way valve.
• 间接操作（伺服或先导操作）Indirect operated (servo or pilot operated)
间接操作的电磁阀（也称为伺服操作或先导操作）使用介质在阀端口上的压差来打开和关闭。通常这些阀需要约0.5 bar的最小压差。入口和出口由橡胶膜隔开，也称为隔膜。膜具有小孔，使得介质可以流到上隔室。隔膜上方的压力和支撑弹簧将确保阀门保持关闭。膜上方的腔室通过小通道连接到低压端口。该连接通过螺线管在关闭位置被阻挡。该“先导”孔的直径大于膜中孔的直径。当电磁阀通电时，先导孔打开，这导致膜上方的压力下降。由于膜两侧的压力差，膜将被提升并且介质可以从入口流到出口。膜上方的额外压力室起到放大器的作用，因此使用小螺线管仍然可以控制大流量。间接电磁阀只能用于一个流向。间接操作的电磁阀用于具有足够压差在所需流速的应用中，例如灌溉系统，淋浴器或洗车系统。间接阀也称为伺服控制阀。膜上方的额外压力室起到放大器的作用，因此使用小螺线管仍然可以控制大流量。间接电磁阀只能用于一个流向。间接操作的电磁阀用于具有足够压差在所需流速的应用中，例如灌溉系统，淋浴器或洗车系统。间接阀也称为伺服控制阀。膜上方的额外压力室起到放大器的作用，因此使用小螺线管仍然可以控制大流量。间接电磁阀只能用于一个流向。间接操作的电磁阀用于具有足够压差在所需流速的应用中，例如灌溉系统，淋浴或洗车系统。间接阀也称为伺服控制阀。
Indirect operated solenoid valves (also called servo operated, or pilot operated) use the differential pressure of the medium over the valve ports to open and close. Usually these valves need a minimum pressure differential of around 0.5 bar. The inlet and outlet are separated by a rubber membrane, also called diaphragm. The membrane has a small hole so that the medium can flow to the upper compartment. The pressure and supporting spring above the membrane will ensure that the valve remains closed. The chamber above the membrane is connected by a small channel to the low pressure port. This connection is blocked in the closed position by a solenoid. The diameter of this "pilot" orifice is larger than the diameter of the hole in the membrane. When the solenoid is energized, the pilot orifice is opened, which causes the pressure above the membrane to drop. Because of the pressure difference on both sides of the membrane, the membrane will be lifted and the medium can flow from inlet port to outlet port. The extra pressure chamber above the membrane acts like an amplifier, so with a small solenoid still a large flow rate can be controlled. Indirect solenoid valves can be used only for one flow direction. Indirect operated solenoid valves are used in applications with a sufficient pressure differential and a high desired flow rate, such as for example irrigation systems, showers or car wash systems. Indirect valves are also known as servo controlled valves.
• 半直接操作Semi-direct operated
半直动电磁阀结合了直接和间接阀门的特性。这允许它们从零杆开始工作，但它们仍然可以处理高流速。它们看起来有点像间接阀，还有一个可移动的薄膜，两侧都有一个小孔和压力室。不同之处在于螺线管柱塞直接连接到膜上。当柱塞被抬起时，它直接提升膜以打开阀门。同时，柱塞打开第二孔，其直径略大于膜中的第一孔。这导致膜上方的腔室中的压力下降。结果，膜不仅通过柱塞提升，而且通过压力差提升。这种组合导致阀门在0 bar下运行，并且可以控制相对大的流速。通常，半直动阀比间接操作阀具有更强大的线圈。半直动阀有时被称为辅助提升电磁阀。
Semi-direct operated solenoid valves combine the properties of direct and indirect valves. This allows them to work from zero bar, but still they can handle a high flow rate. They look somewhat like indirect valves and also feature a movable membrane with a small orifice and pressure chambers on both sides. The difference is that the solenoid plunger is directly connected to the membrane. When the plunger is lifted, it directly lifts the membrane to open the valve. At the same time, a second orifice is opened by the plunger that has a slightly larger diameter than the first orifice in the membrane. This causes the pressure in the chamber above the membrane to drop. As a result, the membrane is lifted not only by the plunger, but also by the pressure difference. This combination results in a valve that operates from zero bar, and can control relatively large flow rates. Often, semi-direct operated valves have more powerful coils than indirect operated valves. Semi-direct operated valves are sometimes called assisted-lift solenoid valves.
• 直接操作的3/2路电磁阀Direct operated 3/2 way solenoid valves
3/2路电磁阀有三个端口和两个开关状态。在每个开关状态中，三个端口中的两个连接。通过启动螺线管，阀门切换状态，并建立阀门端口之间的不同连接。下图显示了直接操作的3/2通阀。左侧的端口是输入端口（P）。在断电状态下，介质可以从左侧的端口流到顶部端口（排气口）。在通电状态下，介质可以从右端口流到左端口。这是一种称为常闭的3/2向阀。
A 3/2 way solenoid valve has three ports and two switching states. In each switching state, two of the three ports are connected. By activating the solenoid, the valve switches state and a different connection between the valve ports is established. The drawing below shows a direct operated 3/2 way valve. The port on the left side is the input port (P). In the de-energized state, the medium can flow from the port on the left side to the top port (exhaust port). In the energized state, the medium can flow from the right port to the left port. This is a called a normally closed 3/2-way valve.
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