从基础到应用：全面了解线性运动系统（中英文）

直线运动导轨是医疗设备和半导体制造设备等各个领域的机械工程中必不可少的部件。利用为旋转运动开发的轴承，可以创建直线运动系统，以便轻松地在直线上循环高负载能力。

该机器的主要特点是能够将旋转运动转换为具有高精度行程的线性运动。这是通过滚动元件或轴承实现的，它们沿着预定的线性轨道滑动，以实现平稳且受控的运动。

Linear motion guides are essential components in mechanical engineering in various sectors, such as the medical equipment and semiconductor manufacturing equipment industry. Utilising bearings developed for rotary movement, linear motion systems are created to circulate high-load capacity in a straight line easily.

The key feature of this machine is its ability to convert rotary movement into linear motion with a stroke of high precision. This is made possible by the rolling elements or bearings, which glide along a predetermined linear rail to allow a smooth and controlled motion.

线性导轨的定义

Definition of Linear Guides

线性运动系统通常被称为线性导轨，它有不同的类型和配置，包括滚珠导轨、滚柱导轨和众多微型导轨等，以满足特定的应用要求。尽管设计可能有所不同，但线性导轨在其选择范围内保持了其高刚性和移动高负载的能力。

这些导轨可用于各种应用，包括 CNC 加工、3D 打印和抽屉和推拉门等家庭必需品。随着技术和机械的不断进步，对线性导轨的需求也在增加。

A linear motion system is often referred to as a linear guide, and it comes in different types and configurations, including ball guides, roller guides and numerous miniature guides, among others, to cater to specific application requirements. Although the design might differ, the linear guide maintains its high rigidity and capability to move high loads across its selection.

These guides can be used in diverse applications, including CNC machining, 3D printing, and household necessities like drawers and sliding doors. As technologies and machinery continue to advance, so does the increased need for linear guides.

线性导轨如何促进线性运动

How Linear Guides Facilitate Linear Motion

线性导轨为重负载或物体提供受控且低摩擦的机制，使其能够高精度地直线移动。该机制涉及滚珠作为轨道和滑块之间的循环元件，大大增强了机械的运动。以下是线性导轨如何协助机床工作。

Linear guides provide a controlled and low-friction mechanism for heavy loads or objects to move straightly with high precision. The mechanism involves rolling balls as recirculating elements between rails and blocks, greatly enhancing the machinery's motion. Below is how linear guides work to assist machine tools.

轨道和轨道配置

Rail and Track Configuration

线性导轨有两个主要部件：固定线性导轨和可移动滑架（通常称为滑块）。导轨用作安装点，为负载提供线性路径。同时，滑架连接到需要线性移动的齿轮上。

一些标准导轨配置是圆轨、异型轨、交叉滚子轨、扁平轨和定制轨。

The linear guide features two main components: stationary linear rails and movable carriage, typically known as a slider. The rails serve as a mounting point, providing a linear path for the load. At the same time, the carriage is attached to the gear that needs to move linearly.

Some standard rail configurations are round rail, profile rail, crossed roller rail, flat rail, and custom rail.

尽量减少导轨和滑架摩擦

Minimise Rail and Carriage Friction

线性导轨旨在减少导轨和滑架之间的摩擦，它采用滚珠丝杠或圆形滚轮作为循环元件，可减少沿导轨长度的接触表面积。这类似于圆轴线性运动系统，可在滑架和导轨之间产生平稳的运动和最小的阻力。该机制允许滚动运动而不是滑动接触。

Designed to reduce the friction between rail and carriage, the linear guide has ball screws or circular rollers as a recirculating element that reduce the contact surface area along the rail length. This resembles a round shaft linear motion system that produces smooth movement and minimal resistance between the carriage and the rail. The mechanism allows for a rolling motion rather than a sliding contact.

承重用途

Load Bearing Purpose

线性导轨的设计结构能够在精确的方向上支撑和承载负载。它们可以处理轴向、径向甚至扭矩力。线性导轨的负载能力主要取决于尺寸范围和环境条件的数量。

此外，负载将均匀分布在轨道和滚动元件上。确保负载分散有助于减少集中的重量应力和轴承过早失效的风险。

Linear guides are engineered with a structure to support and carry loads in a precise direction. They can handle axial, radial, and even torque forces. The load capacity of linear guide rails mainly depends on the size range and the number of environmental conditions.

In addition, the load will be distributed evenly across the tracks and rolling elements. Ensuring the load is spread out helps reduce the concentrated weight stress and the risk of premature bearing failure.

线性导轨精准定位

Linear Guideway Precise Positioning

机床中的重复运动部件使得精确定位必不可少。这使得线性导轨成为此类操作的合适匹配，因为它具有低摩擦、高刚性和所需的精度。这些特性确保承载负载与预定路径的偏差更小。

The repetitive moving component in machine tools makes having precise positioning indispensable. This makes linear guideways a suitable match for such operation since it has low friction, high rigidity and accuracy needed. These features ensure a minimal deviation from the predetermined path for the carried load.

线性导轨的部件和结构（包括导轨、滑架和滚动元件）

Components & Constructions Of Linear Guide (Including Rails, Carriages, and Rolling Elements)

线性导轨或线性滑轨对于不同类型的机械至关重要。它具有几个关键特性，有助于为如此高精度的线性运动提供稳定的平台。关键部件和配件包括导轨、滑架和滚动元件。

Linear guide rails or linear guideway is crucial for different types of machinery. It has several key features that help provide a stable platform for linear motion with such high accuracy. The key components and accessories include rail, carriage, and rolling elements.

导轨或轨道

Rail or Track

线性导轨的主要结构部件是导轨或轨道。该机器部件通常由不锈钢或铝制成，选择其原因是其坚固耐用，能够保持刚性并提供耐用性。导轨具有各种轮廓，例如方形、圆形和矩形，以适应和容纳不同的重量和应用。导轨长度也可能不同，以满足所需的行程距离。

The main structural component of the linear guide rails is the rail or track. This machine part is typically made of stainless steel or aluminium, chosen for its robust faculty to maintain rigidity and provide durability. The rail features various profiles, such as square, round, and rectangular, to suit and accommodate different weights and applications. The rail length may also differ to meet the desired travel distance.

滑架或滑块

Carriage or Sliders

线性导轨和系统的移动部件称为滑架，它们沿线性导轨滑动。滑架用作滚动元件的容纳空间以及要移动的负载的安装平台。它们被设计为均匀地承载各种重量，具体取决于特定的应用和要求。

滑架还具有不同的配置，例如块式或法兰式，可根据合适的应用进行选择，有些甚至包含防尘密封件或刮水器，以保护导轨免受灰尘和污染物的侵害。直线导轨和系统的移动部件称为滑架，它们沿直线导轨滑动。滑架用作滚动元件的容纳空间以及要移动的负载的安装平台。它们被设计为均匀地承载各种重量，具体取决于特定的应用和要求。

滑架还具有不同的配置，例如块式或法兰式，可根据合适的应用进行选择，有些甚至包含防尘密封件或刮水器，以保护导轨免受灰尘和污染物的侵害。

The moving components of the linear guide rails and systems are called carriages, which glide along the linear guide rails. The carriage is used as a housing space for rolling elements as well as a mounting platform for the loads to be moved. They are designed to carry a wide range of weight evenly, depending on the specific application and requirements.

The carriage also has different configurations, such as blocks or flange-style, that can be chosen according to the suitable application, and some even incorporate dust seals or wipers to protect the rails from dust and contaminants.

线性导轨滚动元件

Linear Rails Rolling Elements

为了减少接触面积并确保滑架和导轨之间的平稳移动，循环滚动元件被纳入线性导轨，以更大限度地减少摩擦和磨损。线性导轨中使用的滚动元件有几种，包括：

1) 滚珠轴承

这些紧凑的小钢球位于滑架表面和导轨之间。这些类型的轴承适用于高速、低重量和中等重量的应用。

2) 滚柱轴承

与滚珠不同，滚柱轴承的滚动元件由锥形或圆柱形滚柱组成，用于处理更多负载和重载应用。它也更适合径向负载是应用的主要关注点的地方。

3) 滚针轴承

这些紧凑型滚针轴承的滚动元件适用于小空间和高径向负载要求，由类似小针的圆柱滚柱制成。这种结构适用于具有高长度与直径比的负载。

To reduce the contact area and ensure smooth movement between carriage and rail, the recirculating rolling elements are incorporated into linear guides, minimising friction and wear. There are a few types of rolling elements used in linear guides, which include :

1) Ball Bearings

These compact small steel balls are housed between the carriage surfaces and rail. These types of bearings are suitable for high-speed, low and moderate-weight applications.

2) Roller Bearings

Unlike balls, the rolling elements of roller bearings consist of tapered or cylindrical rollers for handling more loads and heavy-duty applications. It is also more well-suited where radial loads are the primary concern of the applications.

3) Needle Bearings

Suitable for small space and high radial load requirements, these compact needle bearings' rolling elements are made with cylindrical rollers resembling tiny needles. This structure is made for load with a high length-to-diameter ratio.

不同类型的线性导轨及其应用

Different Types of Linear Guides & Their Applications

有多种线性导轨可供选择，旨在满足特定要求。有些由不锈钢、铝和其他材料制成。这主要取决于环境条件、安装要求和具体应用。以下是一些常见的线性导轨类型及其典型应用：

1) 异形导轨

异形导轨由精密研磨的导轨和滚珠轴承或滚柱轴承滑架制成。它们是需要高刚度、高精度和高承重能力的应用的执行器。

2) 滚珠轴承线性导轨

该型号主要用于高速加工中心、航空航天系统和机器人领域。

滚珠轴承线性导轨因其多功能性而广泛用于各个行业。这些滚珠导轨适合那些寻找具有平滑、低摩擦运动的精确导轨的人。

这种轴承型号的应用非常广泛，包括 3D 打印机、医疗设备、数控机床和运输系统。

3) 滚柱轴承线性导轨

滚柱轴承通常用于重型应用和更高的承重能力，因为它们比滚珠轴承导轨具有更大的承重能力。大型机床、自动化设备和物料搬运系统是可以使用这种型号的一些行业。

4) 滚针线性导轨

滚针具有紧凑设计和高径向承重能力的特点，适用于有限的空间。由于其设计细长，它是小型线性平台、定位台和精密仪器的解决方案。

5) 滑动线性导轨

与滚针导轨类似，滑动导轨通常用于空间有限且环境要求高精度的地方。这些紧凑型微型导轨有各种应用，包括电子设备、光学仪器和小型定位系统。

Several linear rail guides are available designed to fulfil specific requirements. Some are made of stainless steel, aluminium and other choice of materials. This mainly depends on the environmental condition, mounting requirement and the specific application. Here are some of the common types of linear guides and their typical application:

1) Profile Rail Guides

Profile rail guides are made of precision-ground rails and ball-bearing or roller-bearing carriages. They are the actuators for applications requiring high-stiffness, precision and substantial weight capability.

2) Ball Bearing Linear Guides

This model is mainly used in high-speed machining centres, aerospace systems and robotics fields.

Ball bearings linear guides are commonly used in various industries due to their versatility. These ball guides fit those searching for exact guides with smooth, low-friction motion.

The applications of this model of bearings are quite robust, ranging from 3D printers, medical devices, CNC machines and transportation systems.

3) Roller Bearing Linear Guides

Roller bearings are often used for heavy-duty applications and higher weight capacities, as they possess more weight capacities than ball-bearing guides. Large machine tools, automation equipment and material handling systems are some industries where this model can be utilised.

4) Needle Roller Linear Guides

Characterised by their compact design and high radial weight capacity, needle rollers find use in limited space. Due to its thin and long design, it is a solution for small linear stages, positioning tables and precision instruments.

5) Slide Linear Guides

Similar to Needle Roller Guides, Slide Guides are often utilised where space is finite and the environment calls for high precision. There are various applications for these compact miniature guides, including electronic equipment, optical instruments and small-scale positioning systems.

掌握适合应用的线性导轨

Mastering Linear Guides for Your Application

线性导轨在实现精确的线性运动方面起着关键作用，选择合适的线性导轨也会对设备的性能和使用寿命产生重大影响。因此，花时间了解并做出明智的决定以确保机器无缝运行至关重要。

Linear guides play a pivotal role in facilitating precise linear motion, and selecting the right one can significantly impact the performance and longevity of your equipment as well. Therefore, it is vital to take the time to understand and make an informed decision to ensure your machines operate seamlessly.