线性执行器的类型（中英文）

机械线性执行器

Mechanical Linear Actuators

机械线性执行器通常通过将旋转运动转换为线性运动（直线运动）来工作。机械线性执行器使用旋钮或手柄所连接的螺钉和/或齿轮将控制旋钮或手柄的旋转运动转换为线性位移。千斤顶或汽车千斤顶是一种常见的机械线性执行器。

Mechanical linear actuators typically operate by the conversion of rotary motion into linear motion (motion in a straight line). Mechanical linear actuators convert rotary motion of a control knob or handle into linear displacement using screws and/or gears to which the knob or handle is attached. A jackscrew or car jack is a familiar mechanical linear actuator.

千斤顶是机械执行器的一个简单例子

A car jack is a simple example of a mechanical actuator

另一种线性致动器基于分段主轴。千斤顶手柄的旋转被机械地转换为千斤顶头的线性运动。机械线性致动器也经常用于激光和光学领域，以操纵线性平台、旋转平台、镜架、测角仪和其他定位仪器的位置。为了实现准确和可重复的定位，可以在控制旋钮上使用索引标记。一些线性致动器设计包括编码器和数字位置读数。它们类似于千分尺上使用的调节旋钮，只是它们的用途是位置调节而不是位置测量。转换通常使用一些简单的机制进行：

Another type of linear actuator is based on the segmented spindle. Rotation of the jack handle is converted mechanically into the linear motion of the jack head. Mechanical linear actuators are also frequently used in the field of lasers and optics to manipulate the position of linear stages, rotary stages, mirror mounts, goniometers and other positioning instruments. For accurate and repeatable positioning, index marks may be used on control knobs. Some linear actuator designs include an encoder and digital position readout. These are similar to the adjustment knobs used on micrometers, except that their purpose is position adjustment rather than position measurement. Conversion is typically made using a few simple mechanisms:

• 丝杠：丝杠、螺旋升降机、滚珠丝杠和滚柱丝杠线性执行器均采用简单丝杠的原理和功能运行。通过旋转执行器的螺母，丝杠轴沿直线移动。丝杠：丝杠、螺旋升降机、滚珠丝杠和滚柱丝杠线性执行器均采用简单丝杠的原理和功能运行。通过旋转执行器的螺母，丝杠轴沿直线移动。

Screws: lead screw, screw jack, ball screw and roller screw linear actuators all operate on the principles and functions of a simple screw. By rotating the actuator's nut, the screw shaft moves in a straight line.

• 轮轴：起重机、绞车、齿条小齿轮、链传动、皮带传动、刚性链和刚性皮带线性执行器按照轮轴的原理和功能运行，其中旋转的轮子移动电缆、齿条、链条或皮带以产生线性运动。

Wheel and Axle: Hoist, winch, rack and pinion, chain drive, belt drive, rigid chain and rigid belt linear actuators operate on the principles and functions of the wheel and axle, wherein a rotating wheel moves a cable, rack, chain or belt to produce linear motion.

• 凸轮：凸轮线性致动器的工作原理与楔块类似，但行程相对有限。当轮状凸轮旋转时，其偏心形状会在轴的底部产生推力。凸轮：凸轮线性致动器的工作原理与楔块类似，但行程相对有限。当轮状凸轮旋转时，其偏心形状会在轴的底部产生推力。

Cam: Cam linear actuators function on a principle similar to that of the wedge, but provide relatively limited travel. As a wheel-like cam rotates, its eccentric shape provides thrust at the base of a shaft.

一些机械线性执行器仅用于拉动（例如提升机、链条传动和皮带传动），而其他类型仅用于推动（例如凸轮执行器）。气动和液压缸或导螺杆线性执行器可设计为在两个方向上提供力。线性执行器的选择取决于应用和预算。

Some mechanical linear actuators only pull (such as hoists, chain drive and belt drives), while other types only push (such as a cam actuator). Pneumatic and hydraulic cylinders, or lead screw linear actuators can be designed to provide force in both directions. The selection of the linear actuator is dependent upon the application and budget.

液压线性执行器

Hydraulic Linear Actuators

液压线性执行器有时也称为液压缸，通常包括一个插入活塞的空心缸。施加在活塞上的不平衡压力提供了移动外部物体所需的力。由于液体几乎不可压缩，液压缸可以提供受控的活塞精确线性位移。位移仅沿活塞的轴线进行。虽然“液压执行器”一词指的是由液压泵控制的设备，但手动操作的液压线性执行器的一个例子是简单的液压千斤顶。

Hydraulic linear actuators, sometimes referred to as or hydraulic cylinders, typically involve a hollow cylinder with a piston inserted into it. An unbalanced pressure applied to the piston provides the necessary force that moves an external object. Since liquids are nearly incompressible, a hydraulic cylinder can provide controlled precise linear displacement of the piston. The displacement is only along the axis of the piston. Although the term "hydraulic actuator" refers to a device controlled by a hydraulic pump, an example of a manually operated hydraulic linear actuator is a simple hydraulic car jack.

气动线性执行器

Pneumatic Linear Actuators

气动线性执行器，有时也称为气缸，与液压线性执行器类似，只是它们使用压缩气体来提供压力，而不是液体力。

Pneumatic linear actuators, sometimes referred to as pneumatic cylinders, are similar to hydraulic linear actuators except they use compressed gas to provide pressure, rather than a liquid force.

压电线性执行器

Piezoelectric Linear Actuators

压电效应是某些材料的一种特性，在材料上施加电压会导致材料膨胀。非常高的电压只对应微小的膨胀。因此，压电线性致动器可以实现极精细的定位分辨率。压电线性致动器的缺点是其运动范围非常短。此外，压电材料表现出滞后现象，这使得难以以可重复的方式控制其膨胀。

The piezoelectric effect is a property of certain materials in which the application of a voltage to the material causes it to expand. Very high voltages correspond to only tiny expansions. As a result, piezoelectric linear actuators can achieve extremely fine positioning resolution. The downside to the piezoelectric linear actuator is that it has a very short range of motion. In addition, piezoelectric materials exhibit hysteresis, which makes it difficult to control its expansion in a repeatable manner.

机电机性执行器

Electromechanical Linear Actuators

机电机性执行器与机械执行器类似，唯一的区别在于控制旋钮或手柄被电动机取代。电动机的旋转运动被转换为执行器的线性位移。现代线性执行器有许多设计。每个线性执行器制造商都有自己的专有方法和设计，因此很难将零件从一个制造商转移到另一个制造商以用于给定的应用。

以下是一个非常简单的机电机性执行器的示例描述。通常，电动机以机械方式连接以旋转导螺杆。导螺杆在其圆周上加工有沿长度延伸的连续螺旋螺纹（类似于螺栓上的螺纹）。在导螺杆上拧有具有相应螺旋螺纹的导螺母或滚珠螺母。螺母被阻止与导螺杆一起旋转（通常螺母与执行器主体的非旋转部分互锁）。因此，当导螺杆旋转时，螺母沿螺纹驱动。螺母的运动方向取决于丝杠的旋转方向。通过连接螺母，运动可以转换为可用的线性位移。

Electromechanical linear actuators are similar to mechanical actuators, the only difference being that the control knob or handle is replaced with an electric motor. Rotary motion of the motor is converted into linear displacement of the actuator. There are many designs of modern linear actuators. Every linear actuator manufacturer has their own proprietary methods and designs, making it difficult to cross parts from one manufacturer to another for a given application.

The following is a example description of a very simple electromechanical linear actuator. Typically, an electric motor is mechanically connected to rotate a lead screw. A lead screw has a continuous helical thread machined on its circumference running along the length (similar to the thread on a bolt). Threaded onto the lead screw is a lead nut or ball nut with corresponding helical threads. The nut is prevented from rotating with the lead screw (typically the nut interlocks with a non-rotating part of the actuator body). Therefore, when the lead screw is rotated, the nut is driven along the threads. The direction of motion of the nut will depend on the direction of rotation of the lead screw. By connecting to the nut, the motion can be converted to usable linear displacement.

标准结构还是紧凑结构？

Standard Construction or Compact Construction?

使用标准电机的线性执行器通常将电机用作附在执行器侧面的单独气缸，与执行器平行或伸出侧面，垂直于执行器。有时电机附在执行器的后端。驱动电机的典型结构是实心驱动轴，与线性执行器的驱动螺母或驱动螺杆啮合。

A linear actuator using standard motors will typically use the motor as a separate cylinder attached to the side of the actuator, either parallel with the actuator or stuck out to the side, positioned perpendicular to the actuator. Sometimes the motor is attached to the back end of the actuator. The drive motor is of typical construction with a solid drive shaft that is geared to the drive nut or drive screw of the linear actuator.

紧凑型线性执行器可能只有约 6 英寸长（包含电机）

Compact linear actuators may only be about 6 inches long, motor included

紧凑型线性执行器使用专门设计的电机，将电机和执行器组件装入尽可能小的空间。在这种情况下，可以扩大电机轴的内径，这样驱动轴就可以是空心的。因此，驱动螺杆和螺母可以占据电机的中心，而电机和驱动螺杆之间无需额外的传动装置。同样，电机可以制成外径较小，极面纵向伸展，这样电机在小直径设计中也能提供高扭矩。

Compact linear actuators use specially designed motors that fit the motor and actuator components into the smallest possible footprint. In such cases, the inner diameter of the motor shaft can be enlarged, so that the drive shaft can be hollow. The drive screw and nut can therefore occupy the center of the motor, with no need for additional gearing between the motor and the drive screw. Similarly, the motor can be made to have a small outer diameter, with the pole faces stretched out lengthwise so that the motor will provide high torque while fitting in a small diameter design.

电机型线性执行器

Motor-Type Linear Actuators

电机型线性执行器的功能基本与旋转电动机相同，转子和定子圆形磁场组件设计成直线排列。旋转电动机旋转并重复使用相同的磁极面，而电机型线性执行器的磁场结构在执行器的长度上物理重复。由于电动机以线性方式移动，因此无需导螺杆即可将旋转运动转换为线性运动。虽然可以实现高容量，但由于仅依赖磁吸引力和排斥力，大多数设计中的材料和/或电动机限制相对较快地被超越。与其他类型的线性执行器相比，大多数线性执行器电动机的负载能力较低。但是，线性执行器电动机在户外或肮脏环境中具有优势，因为两个半部不需要相互接触，因此电磁驱动线圈可以防水并密封以防潮和腐蚀。线性执行器电动机设计可提供非常长的使用寿命，因此对于某些应用而言，它可能是一种经济的选择。

A motor-type linear actuator basically functions the same as a rotary electric motor with the rotor and stator circular magnetic field components designed so that they are laid out in a straight line. Whereas a rotary motor rotates and re-uses the same magnetic pole faces again and again, the magnetic field structures of a motor-type linear actuator are physically repeated across the length of the actuator. Since the motor moves in a linear fashion to begin with, no lead screw is needed to convert rotary motion to linear. While high capacity is possible, the material and/or motor limitations on most designs are surpassed relatively quickly due to a reliance solely on magnetic attraction and repulsion forces. Most linear actuator motors have a low load capacity compared to other types of linear actuators. However, linear actuator motors have an advantage in outdoor or dirty environments in that the two halves do not need to contact each other, so the electromagnetic drive coils can be waterproofed and sealed against moisture and corrosion. The linear actuator motor design provides for a very long service life, so it can be an economical choice for some applications.

特殊设计：伸缩式线性执行器

Special Design: Telescoping Linear Actuator

伸缩式线性执行器是专用的线性执行器，通常用于空间限制或其他要求决定最佳配合的场合。伸缩式线性执行器的运动范围比致动构件的未伸展长度大很多倍。一种常见的形式是由长度大致相等的同心管制成，这些管像套筒一样伸展和收缩，一个在另一个里面，例如伸缩缸。其他更专业的伸缩式线性执行器使用的致动构件在伸展时充当刚性线性轴，但在收缩时通过折叠、分成几部分和/或展开来打破该线。

伸缩式线性执行器的示例包括：

• 螺旋带线性执行器

• 刚性带线性执行器

• 刚性链线性执行器

• 分段主轴线性执行器

Telescoping linear actuators are specialized linear actuators that are typically used where space restrictions or other requirements dictate the best fit. The telescoping linear actuator's range of motion is many times greater than the unextended length of the actuating member. A common form is made of concentric tubes of approximately equal length that extend and retract like sleeves, one inside the other, such as the telescopic cylinder. Other more specialized telescoping linear actuators use actuating members that act as rigid linear shafts when extended, but break that line by folding, separating into pieces and/or uncoiling when retracted.

Examples of telescoping linear actuators include:

• Helical Band Linear Actuators

• Rigid Belt Linear Actuators

• Rigid Chain Linear Actuators

• Segmented Spindle Linear Actuators

螺旋驱动线性执行器

Screw-Driven Linear Actuators

螺旋驱动线性执行器也称为线性平台或线性执行器工作台，适用于低速、重载和高惯性负载。这些设备通常用于定位设备、数控机床以及需要缓慢点对点移动的任何其他场合。

Also called linear stages or linear actuator tables, screw-driven linear actuators are suitable for low-speeds, heavy loads, and high-inertial loads. These devices are typically used in positioning equipment, CNC machines, and anywhere else slow point-to-point movement is required.

皮带传动执行器

Belt-Driven Actuators

皮带传动执行器专为高速和轻负载而设计，仅适用于低惯性负载。皮带传动执行器的常见应用包括自动门窗、高速数据采集和扫描设备。

Designed for high-speeds and light loads, belt-driven actuators are only suitable for low-inertial loads. Common applications for belt actuators include automated windows and doors, high-speed data acquisition, and scanning devices.

杆式执行器

Rod-Style Actuators

杆式执行器在提升和推力应用方面表现出色，其推力轴承内置于执行器本身。它们在速度、负载、定位和精度方面与螺旋驱动工作台类似。杆式执行器采用紧凑、可折叠的设计，非常适合空间受限的项目。

Rod actuators excel at lifting and thrusting applications, with thrust-bearings built into the actuators themselves. They are similar to screw-driven tables in terms of speed, load, positioning, and accuracy capabilities. Rod actuators offer a compact, collapsible design great for projects where space constraints are a concern.

步进电机线性执行器

Stepper Motor Linear Actuators

步进电机线性执行器适用于点对点定位应用。这种类型的执行器最适合轻负载和低速应用。步进电机是开环精确的，因此它们不需要编码器来实现精确定位。

Stepper linear actuators are intended for point-to-point positioning applications. This type of actuator is best suited for applications with light loads and slow speeds. Steppers are open loop accurate, so they do not require an encoder for accurate positioning.

带集成滚珠丝杠的 BLDC 电机

BLDC Motors with Integrated Ball Screws

无刷直流线性执行器非常适合高速运动。它们的特点是提供高速下的功率密度，而不是步进电机的高精度。无刷线性执行器可能需要编码器来获取准确的定位数据。

The brushless DC linear actuators are great for high-speed motion. Their specialty is delivering power density at high speeds, rather than the high accuracy of a stepper. Brushless linear actuators may require an encoder to obtain accurate positioning data.

特定线性执行器设计的优点和缺点

Advantages and Disadvantages of Specific Linear Actuator Designs

线性执行器的优势

Advantages of Linear Actuators

每种类型的线性执行器都采用不同的制造方式，并具有各自的优势。例如，机械线性执行器相对便宜、可重复使用且独立。压电线性执行器可以产生极小的线性运动，因此可用于微型计算机和微型机械应用。液压线性执行器可以产生大量压力，因此可用于重型应用。气动线性执行器功能强大、结构紧凑、重量轻、设计非常简单，并提供可重复的运动。

Each type of linear actuator is made differently and has its own advantages. Mechanical linear actuators, for example, are relatively inexpensive, reusable, and self-contained. Piezoelectric linear actuators can create extremely small linear motions and can consequently be used for microcomputer and micro-mechanical applications. Hydraulic linear actuators can produce a large amount of pressure, and therefore, can be used for heavy duty applications. Pneumatic linear actuators are powerful, compact, lightweight, very simply designed, and provide repeatable motion.

线性执行器的缺点

Disadvantages of Linear Actuators

虽然每种线性执行器都有自己的优点，但也有缺点。例如，机械线性执行器是严格手动的，无法实现自动化。压电线性执行器速度慢，只能在小区域内移动，价格昂贵，需要高电压才能有效，并且需要辅助力将轴推回到其初始位置。

While each linear actuator has its own advantages, each also has its disadvantages. For example, mechanical linear actuators are strictly manual and cannot be automated. Piezoelectric linear actuators are slow, can only move across small areas, are very expensive, require a high voltage to be effective, and require a secondary force to push the shaft back into its initial position.